Mineral deposits in spatial planning systems – review of European practices.A b s t r a c t. Many European Union countries successfully integrated their mineral policy and spatial policy, which has ensured the proper place of mineral deposits in their spatial planning systems. These, in turn, are widely recognized as the most important mineral deposit safeguarding tool, the essence of which is to ensure long-term access to its resources. The examples of Austria, Portugal, Slovakia, Czech Republic, Sweden and United Kingdom, discussed in the paper, are often mentioned as examples of good practices in this area. Although none of these countries managed to avoid cases of social and environmental conflicts related to mining activities, the solutions they implement certainly deserve special attention. And for many countries, including Poland, they can be a potential source of solutions aimed at improving the protection of mineral deposits.
Extraction and import – structure of covering the oil demand in Poland during 1990–2017.A b s t r a c t.Fromthe beginning of the 20th century until the interwar period, Poland was at the forefront of crude oil producers in theworld, and then in Europe. Poland, as a result of war damage, and first of all territorial changes that occurred after World War II, lost significant resources of this raw material. At the same time, the development of oil demand, related to the economic recovery of the country, contributed to the need to develop imports, which during 1990–2017 increased from 13.0 million tons to over 24.0 million tons of crude oil. Poland, due to the technical configuration of domestic refineries, as well as the availability of the "Przyjaźń" pipeline, imports crude oil mainly from Russia. However, Polish refineries have the opportunity to develop alternative sources of supply through the availability of Naftoport in Gdañsk. Thus, the progressive diversification of supplies, causes a decline in the share of Russian oil (from 95% during 2001–2005 to 74% in 2017), for the benefit of raw material from the Middle East, but also North America or other European countries. The extraction of crude oil from domestic deposits increased in the analyzed period from 0.15 million tons to 0.94 million tons in 2017, but in recent years it covers only 3–4% of domestic demand.
The functioning of European economies and societies requires a stable and sustainable supply of mineral resources. For 10 years now EU has been developing raw materials initiative to secure European minerals supply. In many cases, areas with known or hypothetic mineral resources, are not sufficiently valued by society and authorities, remain unprotected and face competing land uses with the risk of becoming sterilized. MINATURA 2020 project was born out of a need to develop a harmonised framework which allow a common way of identifying "mineral deposits of public importance" (MDoPI) and their safeguarding via land use planning. The project has left a useful set of guidelines and proposals how to advance on the creation of a European network of MDoPIs to avoid sterilization of "deposits worth safeguarding". In Poland, the need for legal protection of mineral deposits has been discussed intensively in recent years. Various proposals aimed at better system of mineral deposits safeguarding, especially those which should be recognized as of public importance, have been proposed. However, until now only a few coal deposits were recognized as strategic. Currently, the Polish National Mineral Policy is under preparation. Its overriding objective is to provide access to the necessary minerals, also in the longterm perspective. It assumes among others activities aimed at protection of mineral deposits regarding land use planning system. Paper presents scope and general results of MINITURA2020 project, with details on MINITURA2020 methodology implementation in Poland, Project of the Polish National Mineral Policy with its objectives and key pillars, position of MDoPls in this Project, and - finally - expected future steps related to MDoPI safeguarding in EU and in Poland. ; Funkcjonowanie europejskiej gospodarki i społeczeństwa wymaga stabilnych i zrównoważonych dostaw surowców. Od 10 lat Unia Europejska rozwija inicjatywę surowcową dla zabezpieczenia tych dostaw dla gospodarki UE. W wielu przypadkach obszary ze znanymi lub hipotetycznymi złożami kopalin nie są wystarczająco zabezpieczone, doświadczając konkurencji ze strony innych kierunków zagospodarowania terenu, z dużym ryzykiem uniemożliwienia przyszłego dostępu do nich. Projekt MINATURA2020 był odpowiedzią na potrzebę rozwoju zharmonizowanych ram, które pozwoliłyby na wypracowanie wspólnej ścieżki identyfikacji złóż kopalin o znaczeniu publicznym (ZKoZP) oraz ich ochrony w procesie planowania przestrzennego. Projekt pozostawił wytyczne i propozycje w zakresie rozwoju europejskiej sieci ZKoZP, aby uniknąć utraty dostępu do "złóż wartych ochrony". W Polsce ochrona złóż kopalin jest intensywnie dyskutowana w ostatnich latach. Przedstawiono w tym zakresie różne propozycje. Tym niemniej do chwili obecnej tylko kilka złóż węgla zostało uznanych za strategiczne. W chwili obecnej w Polsce przygotowywana jest Polityka Surowcowa Państwa. Jej zasadniczym celem jest zabezpieczenie dostępu polskiej gospodarki do niezbędnych surowców w perspektywie długoterminowej. Zakłada się m.in. działania mające na celu ochronę złóż kopalin w ramach planowania przestrzennego. Artykuł prezentuje zakres i najważniejsze rezultaty projektu MINATURA2020 (wraz ze szczegółami próby implementacji metodyki projektu w warunkach polskich), Projekt Polityki Surowcowej Państwa z jego celami i głównymi filarami, pozycję złóż kopalin o znaczeniu publicznym w tym Projekcie, a także oczekiwane przyszłe kroki mające na celu lepszą ochronę złóż kopalin zarówno w całej Unii Europejskiej, jak i w szczególności w Polsce. ; Web of Science ; 34 ; 4 ; 23 ; 5
New methodology for designation of key, strategic and critical minerals for the Polish economy.A b s t r a c t. The paper presents a proposal for methodology of designation of the key, strategic and critical minerals, important for the mineral security of Poland. The authors proposed a comprehensive methodology for analysis of 148 individual minerals. When determining the key minerals, a criterion of average value of their annual consumption in Poland in the last decade (2009–2018) was adopted. This approach also regards to the general tendency of consumption of a given mineral and the net import reliance index. To determine strategic minerals, a two-stage analysis was performed, i.e. the identification of potentially strategic minerals that are indispensable for the sectors defined as crucial for the country's economic security (based on an expert assessment), and – from among them – establishment of the list of strategic minerals on the basis of criteria of the average consumption value in recent years and the net imports reliance. For the identification of critical minerals, the methodology developed for the European Union with some significant modifications was adopted: all the minerals previously classified as key and/or strategic were granted the status of high economic importance in Poland, with disregarding of EU's evaluation of the value of economic importance (EI) indicator. The second EU index – the supply risk index (SR) – for the determination of the critical minerals for Poland – was slightly reduced from 1.0 to 0.9. Based on the analysis conducted, three lists comprising 42 key, 24 strategic and 17 critical minerals indispensable for the Polish economy development were proposed. Identification of these minerals is of fundamental importance for further works on the Mineral Policy of Poland.
